Thursday, June 13, 2013

Fred's life after the war

EPILOGUE


I have received accolades from family and friends on publishing “The Great Promise”, although rewarding, the success would have been sweeter if my father would have been able to share this adventure with me. He passed away in 2006, two years before I was given the journal. I’ll never know if he was aware of this father’s exploits during the war, or for that matter, if he knew the journal existed. Indeed it would have been interesting to know the answers to these questions.
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Following active duty my grandfather returned to his civilian occupation as an electrician. At one point he was involved in rewiring the Parliament Building and Buckingham Palace in London. There is a reliable family rumor that during the rewiring of the Parliament, my grandfather took a lunch break and sat on the throne of England while eating his cheese sandwich.
     By 1922 climatic conditions in England had degraded, continuing to adversely affect my grandfather’s lungs, already damaged by exposure to gas. This postwar environment drove a difficult decision to emigrate from England, with either the United States or Australia as appealing destinations. Many years later, during a conversation with my paternal uncle, I was astonished to learn that the Frederick Coxen family’s destiny was determined in 1922 by the toss of a coin! It was at this point that the family had boarded a ship bound for the United States out of Southampton, England.
     Upon arriving in New York harbor, they were processed through Ellis Island. The family moved to Detroit, Michigan, to stay with one of my grandfather’s relatives. While living in Detroit he participated in at least one Memorial Day parade, which takes place on the 30th of May each year to honor fallen soldiers. (Figure 21)
     He worked in various jobs in the area until he landed one working for a man that blended automotive polishes and waxes and sold them to Ford Motor Company. Along with product blending responsibilities, he also double as a salesman and called on the Ford buyer. During one of their meetings the buyer suggested that if my grandfather started his own business, he would rather buy from him than the current supplier.
     In 1930, he started his own company, Excelda Manufacturing and true to his word, the Ford buyer did purchase product from Excelda. Through the years I often wondered why my grandfather named his company Excelda. I asked both my father and uncle and neither one had an answer, which seemed strange since they worked with him from the company’s inception. It is family lore that Fred met and shook Henry Ford’s hand.
     As was common with many enterprises during World War II, in order to meet the growing needs of a country at war, my grandfather converted the business to a tool and die shop. For a time, the facility manufactured parts for a military bomber being assembled in Detroit’s Willow Run Airport. He was also very influential in selling War Bonds to help finance the war. After the war Fred G. Coxen received the Distinguished Service Medal for the company’s contributions during the war.
     After the war ended and my father and uncle returned home after serving in the US Navy, he retired without ceremony, and handed the keys to the business over to his sons.
     Although retired he remained active and at one point he became involved in a Florida land development project. Along with three partners, they planned a development called “Santa Barbara Shores”, which was located in the southern section of Pompano Beach. The development took place during the 1950s and each new home had a minimum of 1,350 sq ft and had a starting price of $20,000 dollars.
     Excelda continues to be owned and managed by family members, retaining Ford Motor Company as an important customer.

********
    
To the best of my knowledge, there were at least two occasions when my grandparents returned to England to visit relatives. I don’t believe he took advantage of these opportunities to fulfill the promise made at the onset of his active military duty. However, in 1938 he drafted a letter to the RFA Records, Woolwich, England requesting any information they may have on George Millington, he wanted get in touch with Old George and hopes that they could meet when he visited England that summer. I do not know if that meeting ever took place. I wondered what happened to George so I did some investigation and found that he survived the war and remained in the RFA until retirement. To qualify for a military pension he accepted a reduction in rank from 2nd Lieutenant to Sergeant Major. 
     My conversations about my grandfather’s involvement in the Great War, either active or inactive, with any senior family members never evolved, therefore the box of mementos is my only link to this phase of my grandfather’s life.
     I was thirteen when he died of lung cancer in 1960.The doctors attributed this fatality to damaging gas exposure during the war, combined with cigarette smoking. My grandmother remained with us for a few more years, at which point she was laid to rest alongside my grandfather, in a small cemetery in Pompano Beach, Florida.
     To use a quote from Douglas McArthur, “Old soldiers never die, they just fade away”, which is what happens to most soldiers. When they die, their names and exploits are memories housed by family or friends, until they too depart life, taking the memories with them. What remains of the soldier’s life are the few personal items saved as well as archived military records.
     Captain Fred G. Coxen had faded from existence until 2008 when his journal brought him back to life. Publishing his story insures his immortality as a piece of British and American history.
     When researchers view his journal and military documents, now housed in a museum, his name will be remembered in a footnote or bibliography.
     There is a lesson to be learned from this, and that is the importance of writing down your stories. Perhaps they will not include historical content, but they will carry on your life for future generations.
     Many soldiers perform heroic tasks without recognition and thereby end up as footnotes in a sea of military records, such as George Millington. Their names are not found among the elite honored for their heroism, like Frederick Holmes, who received the Victoria Cross for bravery for carrying a badly wounded comrade two miles to safety, and then returned to his battalion to find even more wounded. He placed one man on a horse of an artillery gun team in an attempt to get him to safety; but somewhere in the dark he lost him. He himself was badly wounded during the Battle of Le Cateau. [1]
     For the majority of soldiers, they just fade away, and remain unknown except by friends and family. Over time their names will be but a branch on a family tree, their exploits and accomplishments lost.
     However, by publishing my grandfather’s story, his name and deeds will live on through eternity, and become a small fraction of both British and American history.

Sunday, June 9, 2013

British I Corps and composition of a RFA Brigade

On August 6 to 10, 80,000 troops of the BEF with 30,000 horses, 315 field guns, and 125 machine guns, were gathered at the Southampton and Portsmouth debarkation ports. I Corps was scheduled to leave from Southampton with the following troop configuration: [1]

I Corps – Lieutenant-General Sir D. Haig
1st Division – Major-General S.H. Lomax
1st (Guards) Brigade : 1/Coldstream Guards; 1/Scots Guards; 1/Black Watch; 2/Royal Munster Fuslliers
2nd Division, 4th (Guards) Brigade: 2/Grenadier Guards; 2/Coldstream Guards; 3/Coldstream Guards; 1/Irish Guards
2nd Brigade: 2/Royal Sussex Regiment; 1/Loyal North Lancashire Regiment; 1/Northhamptonshire Regiment; 2/King Rifle Corps
3rd Brigade: 1/Queen’s (Royal West Surrey Regiment); 1/South Wales Borderers; 1/Gloucester Regiment; “A” Squadron, 15th Hussars; Brigades of RFA - XXV(113th, 114th, 115th Batteries); XXVI (116th, 117th, 118th Batteries); XXXIX (46th, 51st, 54th Batteries); XLIII (30th, 40th, 57th (How) Batteries); 26th Heavy Battery, RGA; 23rd,26th, Field Companies, RE
5th Brigade: 2/Oxfordshire & Buckinghamshire Light Infantry; 2/Worcester Regiment; 2/Highland Light Infantry; 2/Connaught Rangers
6th Brigade: 1/King’s (Liverpool Regiment); 2/South Staffordshire Regiment; 1/Royal Berkshire Regiment; 1/King’s Royal Rifle Corps; “B” Squadron, 15th Hussars; Brigades of RFA - XXXIV (22ns, 50rh, 70th Batteries);  XXXVI (15th, 48th, 71st Batteries); XLI (9th, 16th, 17th Batteries); XLIV (47th, 56th, 60th (Howitzer) Batteries); 35th Heavy Battery, RGA; 5th, 11th, Fields Companies RE.[2]
THE ROYAL FIELD ARTILLERY
During World War One the British Army used two mobile artillery units, The Royal Field Artillery (RFA) and the Royal Horse Artillery (RHA). Although both used horse-drawn gun limbers, the RHA used smaller “caliber” guns, resulting in more mobility. In addition they served with Cavalry brigades, whereas the RFA used heavier “caliber” weapons and served with Infantry Divisions.
   The RFA 43rd (Howitzer) Brigade was formed prior to the British Expeditionary Force’s deployment to France, and included the 30th, 40th and 57th (Howitzer) Batteries, which were equipped with 4.5 inch Howitzers. Upon formation, it was attached to the 1st Infantry Division, I Corps. [3]
    In 1914 each RFA brigade was comprised of three artillery batteries, each with 198 men and six guns. A battery crew comprised of a Major (or Captain) with a Captain as second-in- command, 3 Lieutenants (or 2nd Lieutenants) in charge of 2-gun sections, Battery Sergeant-Major, Battery Quartermaster Sergeant, a Farrier-Sergeant, 4 Shoeing Smiths, 2 Saddlers, 2 Wheelers, 2 Trumpeters, 7 Sergeants, 7 Corporals, 11 Bombardiers, 75 Gunners, 70 Drivers and 10 Gunners acting as Batmen. [4] 
    A battery also had a small contingent of men that were trained as signalers / telephonists, responsible for keeping phone lines open between Forward Observation Officers and the Battery, which was critical for reporting fire accuracy or target locations. Their job was extremely hazardous as the lines were repeatedly severed by shellfire, forcing signallers to crawl along the wire, find the break, and repair it while under shell and rifle fire; placing their lives in jeopardy in order for the batteries could continue firing.



[1] Tuchman, Barbara W. The Guns of August pp230-239
[2] Lomas, David, Mons 1914 The BEF’s Tactical Triumph pp 16-17
[3] The Long, Long Trail, The British artillery of 1914-1918 http://www.1914-1918.net/whatartbrig.htm
[4] The Long, Long Trail, What was an artillery brigade http://www.1914-1918.net/whatartbrig.htm
Batman: A soldier that takes care of everyday life so that an officer could concentrate on commanding.

Friday, June 7, 2013

Capt F Coxen

His last journal entry was May 1915 - what happened after that date? The following is his military career:

   After May 6th, the first recorded event impacting Fred was his field promotion to 2nd Lieutenant, which took place on August 21st, 1915. Although significant, it does not reveal what happened during the three months between his last entry and his promotion; questions without answers remain. 
   Within the box of documents, I found and opened Fred’s “Officer’s Record of Services – Army book 439”. Studying its contents, I found a notation on the pages titled, “Service”, stating he left France on September 1, 1915 and returned to England.  Under the column marked “At Home”, he had written, (AA[1] Drilling), September 2, 1915 to November 27, 1917. (Figure 10)  This notation disclosed complexities within his simple statement “AA drilling”, which were previously undiscerned . Reviewing other military communiqués, I discovered that the Royal Field Artillery sent Fred to the Mersey Defence District on May 13, 1916. He was to perform inspections on the Anti-Aircraft Gun Detachments in Liverpool. (Figure 10) 
 I questioned what transpired in the eight months prior to his deployment to the Mersey Defence District. One plausible explanation would be that he was being trained on anti-aircraft guns, which would be logical, considering his previous experience had been with field artillery. Anti-aircraft training would also offer credence to his qualifications for inspecting the AA batteries.
   An RFA dispatch dated 6.6.16 from S. W. Lane, Colonel Commanding 2a Reserve Brigade R.F.A. to Headquarters No.3 District - Mersey Defence District, questioned why the inspection was taking longer than expected, and requested to be informed if Fred was not going to return. The communiqué is divided into four sections.
     The first section is the original request from Colonel S.W. Lane, while the second section is a response from Headquarters Western Command, by Harry Cooper, Colonel Commanding No.3 District, referencing telegram 2259 G of 10.5.16, regarding a speedy response to the original request. In the third section is marked “Confidential” to Garrison Commander, Mersey Garrison, Liverpool; referencing to attached letter dated 7th June, 1916, from Officer Commanding No.3 District – please say if Lieutenant F Coxen can now be returned to his unit; C.S. Hope – Johnstone, Major, General Staff, Western Command. Section four is a return response: If the establishment submitted in this office number as above of June 1916, your C.R.W.C.54318/37 (G).K.1045g of May 27th 1916 is authorized it is desired to recommend 2/Lieut.F.Coxen for the appointment of Adjutant and Quartermaster with the temporary rank of Captain. 2. He is now well acquainted with the details of the Liverpool A.A. Command, and it would be a pity to replace him by another officer who would have to learn the work all over again. (sd) R.F. Edwards, Brigadier-General, Commanding Mersey Defences; Liverpool, 9-6-16. Fred remained with the Defense District until November 30, 1916, at which time he returned to the RFA. 
   I discovered a great deal of military correspondence regarding Fred’s request for additional duty pay, for the period he held the temporary rank of Captain. His claim was eventually settled, as stated in the letter written by the major commanding Liverpool A. A. Defences. (Figure 11) The communiqué also presented insight to Fred’s next assignment, “Captain Coxen was recommended for the appointment to Adjutant in May last, and carried out the duties whilst the Establishment was under consideration and issued, and until relieved, 30th November 1916, on assuming command of the 47th A.A. Company, R.G.A.  He was given command of the 47th as verified by a letter he wrote and signed as “Commander 47th AA Company, RGA, dated January 17, 1917. (Figure 19)
   Referring back to his service record, I noticed that he remained in England until November 11, 1917. Then on November 28, 1917, he was redeployed to France and assigned to an AA Battery. Prior to his departure, Fred posed for a photograph wearing his captain’s uniform, which he would not wear again for two years.  For upon his arrival in France, he reverted back to his rank of 2nd Lieutenant and assigned an AA Battery.
   Rummaging through the box of documents, I noticed a small piece of brown paper with a handwritten message. In the upper left-hand corner, the paper was stamped; “N ANTI-AIRCRAFT BATTERY” and directly below it was Fred’s signature “F Coxen RFA” “N” Battery. The handwritten message congratulated Fred for the downing of a bird (aeroplane), however headquarters couldn’t verify if the craft was downed solely by N-battery, or a section of Q-battery, so they divided the kill between the two batteries.  N-battery was part of the HQ, 3rd Army group, which according to sources on the “Great War Forum,” was assigned to defend Paris. (Figure 12) The fact that the paper was a congratulatory note from headquarters, and sent to Fred, indicates that Fred was “N” Battery’s commander.
   Referring back to his service record, Fred remained in France until May 18, 1918, at which time he returned to England.
   A military record shows in November of 1918 he was seconded for service with the newly-formed Royal Air Force[2], and assigned to the 253 Squadron, RAF Bembridge. He is listed as an Observer Officer, placed in charge of the payroll department. I have no doubt that Fred was sent to the RAF because of his prior payroll experience while Adjutant of the Mersey Defence District.
   A communiqué from Captain D. Dustin, Officer Commanding 74th Wing, RAF Calshot was discovered, recommending Fred for a promotion to the temporary rank of Lieutenant. Another memo referenced that Fred was promoted to the permanent rank of Lieutenant – retroactive to July 1, 1917. (Figure 13)   
   During the period that Fred operated the payroll department for the RAF, the RFA sent a message requesting his return to his RFA unit forthwith. Within the same communiqué, the RAF requested he remain with them for an additional two weeks, reasoning that with a heavy work load and complicated payroll system, his skill level was required until a replacement could be trained. (Figure 14) Therefore on August 7, 1919, the Officer Commanding, RAF Navigation School, Calshot, drafted a letter cancelling Fred’s orders to report to his RFA unit. (Figure 15)
   I speculated as to whether he learned to fly during the time spent with the RAF? I found nothing within his records indicating he received flight training; however, I have a photograph showing Fred in an aviator’s suit. I posted the photo on the “Great War Forum” website; a member identified the suit as a standard RAF issue Sitcom Suit, made from proofed khaki twill, which was rubberized and lined with mohair.(Figure 16)
   It was evident while serving with the RAF, Fred wore an officer’s uniform with an Observer’s Half Wing, located above the left top pocket of his uniform jacket. His uniform would be congruent with his Navigator’s training, and the reason he had the aviator’s flight suit. Never the less this latest discovery contradicts family lore, and ruins a good story. (Figure 17)
   Prior to my in-depth research, it was believed that a cherished, wooden picture frame, containing photographs of both Fred and his wife, perhaps crafted from the remains of a WWI aeroplane propeller. However, an assumption was made that the propeller came from an aircraft flown by Fred. It now appears that if the frame was made from an aeroplane propeller, it would not have been from an aircraft flown by Fred.
   Discovered among his personal items was a photograph of a Short 184 seaplane serial number N9111. It is unknown if Fred flew or was a navigator on this type of aircraft; whatever the case, it is an interesting photograph. (Figure 18) November 11th, 1918 Fred received, “The King’s Message to the Royal Air Force”. (Figure 20)
  His official military record shows that he transferred back to the Regular Army Reserve of Officers as Captain, on the 26th of February, 1920, at which time he left the service and returned to his civilian occupation of electrician.
   The exact reason he ended his journal on May 6th, 1915 will remain unknown.
Figure 12

Figure 15

Figure 19

Figure 11

Figure 18
Figure 10

Figure 13
Figure 16
Figure 14



Figure 20


Figure 17



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[1] AA: stands for anti-aircraft
[2] Originally British aero-squadrons were named the Royal Flying Corps, but in 1918 the RFC amalgamated with the Royal Naval Air Service and changed to the Royal Air Force.

Monday, May 13, 2013

Names mentioned in the journal

I compiled a list of names of soldiers mentioned in my grandfather's journal - perhaps it might help those searching for relatives.


Lieutenant Marshall – wounded
Colonel Sharpe
General Finley – killed in action
Lieutenant Richie
Grogan – telephonest died of wounds
Smith - telephonest
Mr. Wood – young officer kia 8 days after arriving
Mr. Donahue –
Major Baird
Major Madocks – wounded Sept 14, 1914 kia
Taylor & Farmer – wounded Nov 21, 1914
George Hodge – Corporal killed in action
Bruce – Gordon Highlanders
Major Johnson – killed in action
Collins – main character within the journal
George Millington – major character in journal and survived
                                the war and retired as Sergeant Major
Percy / George Bramwell – killed in action
Hayman – killed in action
Frank W Taylor – corporal reported wounded 8/12/14 kia

Saturday, May 11, 2013

After the Journal Ends

Fred Coxen's military career after the last journal entry


The last journal entry was on May 6th, 1915. I wondered what could have happened to alter his regiment of recording his daily experiences, perhaps the answer might be among his numerous military documents, which may contain bits of information necessary for reassembling the one-hundred year old puzzle.
   After May 6th, the first recorded event impacting Fred was his field promotion to 2nd Lieutenant, which took place on August 21st, 1915. Although significant, it does not articulate what happened during the three months between his last entry and his promotion; questions without answers.  
   Within the box of documents, I found and opened Fred’s “Officer’s Record of Services – Army book 439”. Studying its contents, I found a notation on the pages titled, “Service”, stating he left France on September 1, 1915 and return to England.  Under the column marked “At Home”, he had written, (AA[1] Drilling), September 2, 1915 to November 27, 1917. I then realized there must be complexities within his simple statement “AA drilling”, which were not obvious. Reviewing other military communiqués, I discovered that the Royal Field Artillery sent Fred to the Mersey Defence District on May 13, 1916. He was to perform inspections on the Anti-Aircraft Gun Detachments in Liverpool.  I questioned, what transpired in the eight months prior to his deployment to the Mersey Defence District? One plausible explanation would be that he was being trained on anti-aircraft guns, which would be logical, considering his previous experience had been with field artillery. Anti-aircraft training would also offer credence to his qualifications for inspecting the AA batteries.
   An RFA dispatch to the Mersey Defence District, questioned why the inspection was taking longer than expected, and requested that they be informed if Fred wasn’t going to return. In the bottom section of the same document, the Mersey Defence District, recommended that 2nd Lieutenant F. Coxen be considered for appointment to Adjutant and Quartermaster, along with the temporary rank of Captain – until a replacement could be found.  Fred remained with the Defense District until November 30, 1916, at which time he returned to the RFA.  
   I discovered a great deal of military correspondence regarding Fred’s request for additional duty pay, for the period he held the temporary rank of Captain. His claim was eventually settled, as stated in the letter written by the Major commanding Liverpool A. A. Defences. The communiqué also presented insight to Fred’s next assignment, “Captain Coxen was recommended for the appointment to Adjutant in May last, and carried out the duties whilst the Establishment was under consideration and issued, and until relieved, 30th November 1916, on assuming command of the 47th A.A. Company, R.G.A.  However, I found no further details validating his command of the 47th AA Company.
   Referring back to his service record, I noticed that he remained in England until November 11, 1917. Then on November 28, 1917 he was redeployed to France and assigned to an AA Battery.  Prior to his departure, Fred posed for a photograph wearing his captain’s uniform, which he would not wear again for two years.  Upon his arrival in France he reverted back to his rank of 2nd Lieutenant and assigned an AA Battery.
   Rummaging through the box of documents, I noticed a small piece of brown paper with a hand written message. In the upper left-hand corner, the paper was stamped, “N ANTI-AIRCRAFT BATTERY” and directly below it was Fred’s signature “F Coxen RFA” “N” Battery. The handwritten message congratulated Fred for the downing of a bird (aeroplane), however headquarters couldn’t verify if was downed solely by N-battery, or a section of Q-battery, so they divided the kill between the two batteries.  N-battery was part of the HQ, 3rd Army group, which according to sources on the “Great War Forum” was assigned to defend Paris. The fact that the paper was a congratulatory note from headquarters, and sent to Fred, indicates that Fred was “N” Battery’s commander.
   Referring back to his service record, Fred remained in France until May 18, 1918, at which time he returned to England.
   A military record shows in November of 1918 he was seconded for service with the newly formed Royal Air Force, and assigned to the 253 Squadron, R.A.F. Bembridge. He is listed as an Observer Officer and was placed in charge of the payroll department. I have no doubt that Fred was sent to the RAF because of his prior payroll experience while Adjutant of the Mersey Defence District.
   I discovered a communiqué from, Captain D. Durston, Officer Commanding 74th Wing RAF Calshot, recommending Fred for a promotion to the temporary rank of Lieutenant, while another memo referenced that Fred was promoted to the permanent rank of Lieutenant – retroactive to July 1, 1917.    
   While operating the payroll department for the Royal Air Force, the Royal Field Artillery sent a message requesting Fred’s return to his RFA unit forthwith. Within the same communiqué, the Royal Air Force requested he remain with them for an additional two weeks, reasoning that their heavy work load, and complicated payroll system required his skills until a new person could be trained. Then on August 7, 1919 the Officer Commanding, R.A.F. Navigation School, Calshot, drafted a letter cancelling Fred’s orders to report to his RFA unit. 
   I wonder if during his time with the RAF he learned to fly. I found nothing within his records indicating that he did receive flight training, however, I have a photograph showing Fred in an aviator’s uniform. Posting this photo on the “Great War Forum”, a member of the forum posted the following:

It's a standard RAF issue Sidcot Suit (from the inventor, Australian RNAS aviator Flight Sub Lieutenant Sidney Cotton) made from proofed khaki twill over a rubberised muslin inter-lining and a mohair liner.  However, he may not have been going to fly in the immediate future, as he's wearing ordinary shoes, rather than an airman's fur-lined 'fug' boots, though sometimes airmen flew without the boots if the flight was to be short and/or at low level.

I hope this helps you.[2]

While attached to the Royal Air Force, he wore the uniform of an officer and through the sharp eyes of another GWR member, he identified that Fred was an “Observer” and would have worn a flying uniform like the one in the photograph.

Gareth

Is he 39776 Bombardier later Captain Frederick Coxen? If so the rear of his Medal Index Card advises he was at RAF Navigator's School (24 July 1919) and he also has a post war address of 253 Squadron at Benbridge (Isle of Wight). He will almost certainly have full service papers. If he discharged prior to 1922 they will be at the NA, post 1922 the records are still with the RAF. This tells you more: http://www.nationala...yalairforce.htm. I see your other posts on the forum about him. In the one by himself he is wearing at RAF Observer's Half Wing. This is consistent him being trained as a Navigator. He would have worn a suit similar to that shown here when flying, though not necessarily a pilot.  Rgds Tim D [3]

There is also family lore that the picture of him in his RFA captain’s uniform, which was taken in 1917, along with a photograph of his wife, were each placed in picture frames made from the wooden propeller of a plane he flew – that is the rumor and I have the frames with the photographs.
   Among his personal items was a photograph of seaplane, the N9111, also known as a Short 184. It is unknown if he flew or was a navigator on this type of aircraft, whatever the case, it is an interesting photograph.
  His official military record shows that he transferred back to the Regular Army Reserve of Officers as Captain on the 26th of February 1920, at which time he left the service and returned to his civilian occupation of electrician.
   The exact reason he ended his journal on May 6th, 1915 will remain unknown.

Thursday, May 9, 2013

crucifixion of a Canadian sergeant by the German Army in France:

Until recently I wasn't aware of the controversy surrounding the story of a Canadian soldier being crucified during the Second Battle of Ypres. It came to my attention through a historian that read my book, "The Great Promise". They questioned the journal entry from my grandfather's WWI journal that describes this event, and the Canadian's reprisal as written:


At daylight we were at it again, the first thing that met my gaze was a shell dropped just the other side of the hedge, among what was left of a Canadian Battery Wagon Line, most of the men had been killed when the Germans broke through the previous week they bayoneted them whilst they slept. Hung the Ferrier to a tree, and crucified a Sergeant of the Canadian Scottish to a barn door with bayonets. This wagon line had about a dozen horses left of 200 – the guns were captured by the enemy, but were afterwards regained by a magnificent charge by the Canadian infantry. These are fine fellows and splendid fighters and hated the cursed Germans like fury for their murderous ways of waging war. A couple of days previous the Canadian Scottish were ordered to retire, but refused to do so. [They] charged the enemy on their own, it was a mad thing to do and they lost over 500 men, but captured some trenches and captured 100 prisoners or more, not one of these prisoners were brought down. We were fighting as they – no quarter and the Canadians gave none. Just in rear of our guns, there was a Prussian Guardsman ( a fine fellow, fully 6’ 3” in height and big with it) pinned to a tree with a bayonet and a post card stuck on his forehead with the words, “Canada does not forget”. The by word of the Canadians were, “will give’em   crucify”. The happenings around of this period would fill a book with horrors of this description, and of the splendid fighting of the Canadians and the Indian troops who were with us.